A new study suggests that substituting whole grains for refined grains in the diet increases calorie loss by reducing calories retained during digestion and speeding up metabolism, says Tuft University.
This research is published in tandem with a study on the effect of whole grains on gut microbiota.
Both studies are published this month in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
Epidemiology studies have suggested health benefits of whole grains and high dietary fiber intake, including for glycemic control and insulin sensitivity.
There has been controversy, however, about whether whole grains and fiber are beneficial for weight regulation, partially because there has not been data from controlled metabolic studies.
This new study provided food to participants for eight weeks and may help explain how whole grain consumption is beneficial for weight management.
People who ate a diet with whole grains, which matched the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for fiber, lost close to an extra 100 calories per day due to a combination of increased resting metabolic rate and greater fecal losses.
This is compared to people who ate refined grains without much fiber.
“We provided all food to ensure that the composition of the diets differed only in grain source,” said senior author Susan B. Roberts, senior scientist and director of the Energy Metabolism Laboratory at Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging.
“The extra calories lost by those who ate whole grains was equivalent of a brisk 30-minute walk – or enjoying an extra small cookie every day in terms of its impact.”
Comparative study
The research team conducted an eight-week randomized single-blind comparative study with 81 men and women between the ages of 40 and 65.
In the first two weeks of the study all participants ate the same type of food, and individual calorie needs were determined.
After two weeks, participants were randomly assigned to eat a diet that included either whole grains or refined grains.
The whole-grain diet and the refined-grain diet differed mostly in grain and fiber content—the energy, macronutrient composition, type of food, and meal structure were similar.
Participants were asked to consume all the food provided and nothing else, return the food they had not eaten, and continue with their usual physical activity.
The purpose of this dietary control was to study the effect of whole grains compared to refined grains on resting metabolic rate and fecal energy losses, as well as feelings of hunger and fullness.
Whole grains prove superior
Throughout the eight weeks, researchers measured weight, metabolic rate, blood glucose, fecal calories, hunger and fullness.
At the end of the study, those who ate whole grains had an increase in resting metabolic rate and fecal energy losses compared to those who ate refined grains.
The extra fecal energy losses were not due to the extra fiber itself (which was accounted for in calculations) but from the effect the fiber had on the digestibility of other food calories.
The researchers caution that the effects of a whole-grain diet on resting metabolic rate were sensitive to dietary adherence, so cautious interpretation is warranted.
Based on previous research and current study measurements, however, they believe that the calorie loss was not due exclusively to the digestion of extra fiber intake.
They also note that commercially-available products using whole grain flour were used in the study and hypothesize that using foods with whole grain kernels might elicit a more pronounced benefit.
Hunger, fullness and diet satisfaction were not statistically different between diets.
The study was supported by the General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition and by the US Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service.
