A handful of pioneering governments have issued guidelines promoting ‘win-win’ diets that can help tackle two of the most urgent challenges of our time: securing good nutrition for all and addressing climate change.
This is a key conclusion from a new study by the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and the Food Climate Research Network (FCRN) at the University of Oxford published on May 19, 2016.
The Plates, Pyramids, Planet report evaluates government-issued food guidelines from across the globe, looking in particular at whether they make links to environmental sustainability in addition to promoting good eating habits.
At the time the study was conducted, four countries’ recommendations – Brazil, Germany, Sweden and Qatar – drew connections to the threats posed by modern food production systems and the dietary patterns that drive them.
The Netherlands and the UK have since taken steps to incorporate environmental considerations into their food guidelines.
But the low number of countries overall signals a real missed opportunity for many countries to promote diets and food systems that are not only healthy but sustainable, the study argues.
Poor dietary habits, rich in meat and foods that are high in sugar and fat and low in whole grains, fruits and vegetables have been closely linked to noncommunicable diseases — a leading cause of premature death, not only in high-income countries but also many parts of the developing world.
These diets are typically not only unhealthy, but environmentally unsustainable.
“Growing numbers of people now understand that diets rich in whole-grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables – with reduced consumption of meat and smaller quantities of high-fat and high-sugar foods – are good for our bodies,” says lead author Carlos Gonzales-Fischer of FCRN.
“There is also ample evidence showing that such diets have much lower environmental impacts than the unhealthy and unsustainable eating patterns that are increasingly prevalent today.” “So by eating well for our own personal health, we’re also doing right by the planet – in essence, it’s a win-win.”
Guidelines around the world
More than 80 governments – just over a third of all countries in the world – already issue advice to their citizens in the form of food based dietary guidelines: short, science-based, practical and culturally appropriate messages that guide people on healthy eating and lifestyles.
Their numbers are growing, including in low and middle income countries.
Despite these encouraging developments, however, most governments have yet to issue national dietary advice, and this lack is particularly apparent in low income countries – only five countries in Africa have such guidelines, for example.
And most existing guidelines still fail to consider the environmental impacts of dietary choices.
The four countries that include such issues of sustainability all highlight that a largely plant-based diet has advantages for health and for the environment.
Notably, Sweden is providing more detailed advice on which plant-based foods are to be preferred, recommending for example root vegetables over salad greens.
Most guidelines that include sustainability talk about the high environmental impact of meat. The advice however often lacks specificity and where maximum intake levels are given they are based only on health, rather than environmental concerns.
Brazil’s guidelines stand out for emphasizing the social and economic aspects of sustainability, advising people to be wary of advertising, for instance, and to avoid ultra-processed foods that are not only bad for health but are seen to undermine traditional food cultures.
From guidelines to policies
The study emphasizes that, to have a real effect on food consumption, dietary guidelines need to have clear links to food policies that are actually implemented – such as school and hospital meal standards and advertising and industry regulations.
“Dietary guidelines are an essential first step – they provide a vision, at national level, of how we could and should be eating,” says co-author Tara Garnett.
“But often the connection with practical policies on the ground is absent, or unclear.”
The report’s overarching suggestion is that countries that already have dietary guidelines should begin to consider a process of incorporating sustainability into them.
