A color-coded smart tag could tell consumers whether a carton of milk has turned sour or a can of green beans has spoiled without opening the containers, according to researchers.
The tag, which would appear on the packaging, also could be used to determine if medications and other perishable products were still active or fresh, they said.
This report on the color-changing food deterioration tags was presented on March 17, 2014 as part of the 247th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society.
A video, illustrating how the tag works, is available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-Fpj9bdht4.
“This tag, which has a gel-like consistency, is inexpensive and safe. It and can be widely programed to mimic almost all ambient-temperature deterioration processes in foods,” said Chao Zhang, Ph.D., from the Peking University in Beijing, China and the lead researcher of the study.
How the tag works
Using the tags could potentially solve the problem of knowing how fresh packaged, perishable foods remain over time, he added.
When manufacturers, grocery-store owners and consumers do not know if the food has been unduly exposed to higher temperatures, which could cause unexpected spoilage, “the tag still gives a reliable indication of the quality of the product,” he said.
The tags, which are about the size of a kernel of corn, would appear in various color codes on packaging.
“In our configuration, red, or reddish orange, would mean fresh,” explained Zhang.
“Over time, the tag changes its color to orange, yellow and later green, which indicates the food is spoiled.”
The colors signify a range between 100% fresh and 100% spoiled.
For example, if the label says that the product should remain fresh for 14 days under refrigeration, but the tag has turned orange, it means that the product is only roughly half as fresh.
In that case, the consumer would know the product is edible for only another seven days if kept refrigerated, he explained.
The researchers developed and tested the tags using E. coli (food-spoiling bacteria that cause gastrointestinal problems) in milk as a reference model.
“We successfully synchronized, at multiple temperatures, the chemical evolution process in the smart tag with microbial growth processes in the milk,” said Zhang.
Contents of the tag
The tags could also be customized for other foods and beverages.
The tags contain tiny metallic nanorods that, at different stages and phases, can have a variety of colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet, he explained.
“The gold nanorods we used are inherently red, which dictates the initial tag color.”
“Silver chloride and vitamin C are also in the tags, reacting slowly and controllably.”
“Over time, the metallic silver gradually deposits on each gold nanorod, forming a silver shell layer. That changes the particle’s chemical composition and shape, so the tag color now would be different. Therefore, as the silver layer thickens over time, the tag color evolves from the initial red to orange, yellow, and green, and even blue and violet.”
Cost of a tag
Although the nanorods are made of gold and silver, a tag would still be very inexpensive, and all the chemicals in the tiny tag cost US$0.002.
“In addition, all of the reagents in the tags are nontoxic, and some of them (such as vitamin C, acetic acid, lactic acid and agar) are even edible,” said the researcher.
This technique has been patented in China, and some preliminary results have been published in ACS Nano, Zhang said.
He added that the next step is to contact manufacturers and explain how the tag would be useful for them and their customers.
The study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, Hong Kong Research Grants Council and National Basic Research Program of China.
